Analysis of modern models of counterfeiting surfaces for determination of heights by GNSS-leveling method

This paper discusses various sources of information related to the issue determining heights by GNSS-leveling. Implementation GNSS leveling method requires presence geoid or quasi-geoid heights, which today can be obtained from corresponding models. In recent decades, scientists around world have developed many global, regional and local models quasigeoid. has contributed emergence numerous publications on leveling. The purpose work is perform analysis modern reference surfaces basis materials scientific according criteria that a significant impact research in field height Method. considers 44 published period 2001–2021. Among this direction, there are three types work: 1) 13 methods constructing themselves; 2) 12 works their accuracy 3) 19 “adjustment” model heights. At first stage was performed surface modeling, including Stokes Molodensky theory, mathematical data processing, tidal systems, zero-order undulation scale levels second stage, frequency years analyzed activity existing quasigeoid sample countries, made all selected study, established. third quantitative official for study period. ratio global relation magnitude degree order calculation Results. 58 % works, authors use Stokes’ theory research, 42 – Molodensky’s theory. 27 mean square collocation, 20 least squares method, “delete-restore” modifying formula with (or KTH-method). Fast Fourier transform used works. Publications creation Earth mostly parameters tide free system calculations total 40 No less important criterion (33 works) should taken into account parameter zero (“zero term”). total, 41 aimed at creating analyzing scale. During period, most were 2012 2018. Leading countries development Canada, Poland, Sweden United States, Germany, States China. For 2001–2021, 99 officially presented, among GOCO, EIGEN EGM series often research. Also during 177 2019. Based these data, relationship 2008–2021 traced. systematic range 0.52–1.92 m, 0.38–0.50 0.23–0.38 m 0.12–0,14 60-220, 220-260, 260-720 720-2190 respectively. Scientific novelty. It shown GNSS-leveling allows establishing advantages disadvantages field. Practical significance. such solve key problems require further find modernized solutions.